Gemini is a natural language understanding system developed for spokenlanguage applications. The paper describes the architecture of Gemini, payingparticular attention to resolving the tension between robustness andovergeneration. Gemini features a broad-coverage unification-based grammar ofEnglish, fully interleaved syntactic and semantic processing in an all-paths,bottom-up parser, and an utterance-level parser to find interpretations ofsentences that might not be analyzable as complete sentences. Gemini alsoincludes novel components for recognizing and correcting grammaticaldisfluencies, and for doing parse preferences. This paper presents acomponent-by-component view of Gemini, providing detailed relevant measurementsof size, efficiency, and performance.
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